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.13.Langdon Winner, “Technologies as Forms of Life,” in Readings in the Philosophy of Technology, ed.David M.Kaplan (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 105.14.Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Intellect,” in Emerson: Essays and Lectures (New York: Library of America, 1983), 417.15.See Maryanne Wolf, Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain (New York: Harper, 2007), 217.16.H.G.Wells, World Brain (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1938), vii.17.René Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol.3, The Correspondence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 304.18.Walter J.Ong, Orality and Literacy (New York: Routledge, 2002), 82.19.F.Ostrosky-Solís, Miguel Arellano García, and Martha Pérez, “Can Learning to Read and Write Change the Brain Organization? An Electrophysio-logical Study,” International Journal of Psychology, 39, no.1 (2004): 27–35.20.Wolf, Proust and the Squid, 36.21.E.Paulesu, J.-F.Démonet, F.Fazio, et al., “Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity,” Science, 291 (March 16, 2001): 2165–67.See also Maggie Jackson, Distracted: The Erosion of Attention and the Coming Dark Age (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2008), 168–69.22.Wolf, Proust and the Squid, 29.23.Ibid., 34.24.Ibid., 60–65.25.Quotations from Phaedrus are taken from the popular translations by Reginald Hackforth and Benjamin Jowett.26.Eric A.Havelock, Preface to Plato (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 41.27.Ong, Orality and Literacy, 80.28.See Ong, Orality and Literacy, 33.29.Ibid., 34.30.Eric A.Havelock, The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986), 74.31.McLuhan, Understanding Media, 112–13.32.Ibid., 120.33.Ong, Orality and Literacy, 14–15.34.Ibid., 82.Four THE DEEPENING PAGE1.Saint Augustine, Confessions, trans.R.S.Pine-Coffin (London: Penguin, 1961), 114.2.Paul Saenger, Space between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997), 14.3.Ibid., 7.4.Ibid., 11.5.Ibid., 15.6.Maryanne Wolf, Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain (New York: Harper, 2007), 142–46.7.Saenger, Space between Words, 13.8.Charles E.Connor, Howard E.Egeth, and Steven Yantis, “Visual Attention: Bottom-Up versus Top-Down,” Cognitive Biology, 14 (October 5, 2004): 850–52.9.Maya Pines, “Sensing Change in the Environment,” in Seeing, Hearing, and Smelling in the World: A Report from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, February 1995, www.hhmi.org/senses/a120.html.10.The brain’s maintenance of top-down control over attention seems to require the synchronized firing of neurons in the prefrontal cortex.“It takes a lot of your prefrontal brain power to force yourself not to process a strong [distracting] input,” says MIT neuroscientist Robert Desimone.See John Tierney, “Ear Plugs to Lasers: The Science of Concentration,” New York Times, May 5, 2009.11.Vaughan Bell, “The Myth of the Concentration Oasis,” Mind Hacks blog, February 11, 2009, www.mindhacks.com/blog/ 2009/02/the_myth_ of_the_conc.html.12.Quoted in Alberto Manguel, A History of Reading (New York: Viking, 1996), 49.Early Christians practiced a religious form of Bible reading called lectio divina, or holy reading.Deeply meditative reading was seen as a way to approach the divine.13.See Saenger, Space between Words, 249–50.14.Ibid., 258.Walter J.Ong notes that editorial intensity increased further as the publishing business grew more sophisticated: “Print involves many persons besides the author in the production of a work—publishers, literary agents, publishers’ readers, copy editors and others.Before as well as after scrutiny by such persons, writing for print often calls for painstaking revisions by the author of an order of magnitude virtually unknown in a manuscript culture.” Ong, Orality and Literacy (New York: Routledge, 2002), 122.15.Saenger, Space between Words, 259–60.16.See Christopher de Hamel, “Putting a Price on It,” introduction to Michael Olmert, The Smithsonian Book of Books (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1992), 10.17.James Carroll, “Silent Reading in Public Life,” Boston Globe, February 12, 2007.18 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]